diff --git a/src/audio/SDL_sysaudio.h b/src/audio/SDL_sysaudio.h
index f2016fe753..6995fbe102 100644
--- a/src/audio/SDL_sysaudio.h
+++ b/src/audio/SDL_sysaudio.h
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ typedef struct SDL_AudioDriverImpl
     int (*CaptureFromDevice)(SDL_AudioDevice *device, void *buffer, int buflen);
     void (*FlushCapture)(SDL_AudioDevice *device);
     void (*CloseDevice)(SDL_AudioDevice *device);
-    void (*FreeDeviceHandle)(SDL_AudioDevice *handle); // SDL is done with this device; free the handle from SDL_AddAudioDevice()
+    void (*FreeDeviceHandle)(SDL_AudioDevice *device); // SDL is done with this device; free the handle from SDL_AddAudioDevice()
     void (*Deinitialize)(void);
 
     // Some flags to push duplicate code into the core and reduce #ifdefs.
diff --git a/src/audio/directsound/SDL_directsound.c b/src/audio/directsound/SDL_directsound.c
index 3c9bbbdc34..f1ab29706b 100644
--- a/src/audio/directsound/SDL_directsound.c
+++ b/src/audio/directsound/SDL_directsound.c
@@ -22,34 +22,34 @@
 
 #ifdef SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DSOUND
 
-/* Allow access to a raw mixing buffer */
-
 #include "../SDL_audio_c.h"
 #include "SDL_directsound.h"
 #include <mmreg.h>
 #ifdef HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H
 #include "../../core/windows/SDL_immdevice.h"
-#endif /* HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H */
+#endif
 
 #ifndef WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT
 #define WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT 0x0003
 #endif
 
-/* For Vista+, we can enumerate DSound devices with IMMDevice */
+// For Vista+, we can enumerate DSound devices with IMMDevice
 #ifdef HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H
 static SDL_bool SupportsIMMDevice = SDL_FALSE;
-#endif /* HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H */
+#endif
 
-/* DirectX function pointers for audio */
+// DirectX function pointers for audio
 static void *DSoundDLL = NULL;
 typedef HRESULT(WINAPI *fnDirectSoundCreate8)(LPGUID, LPDIRECTSOUND *, LPUNKNOWN);
 typedef HRESULT(WINAPI *fnDirectSoundEnumerateW)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKW, LPVOID);
 typedef HRESULT(WINAPI *fnDirectSoundCaptureCreate8)(LPCGUID, LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE8 *, LPUNKNOWN);
 typedef HRESULT(WINAPI *fnDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKW, LPVOID);
+typedef HRESULT(WINAPI *fnGetDeviceID)(LPCGUID, LPGUID);
 static fnDirectSoundCreate8 pDirectSoundCreate8 = NULL;
 static fnDirectSoundEnumerateW pDirectSoundEnumerateW = NULL;
 static fnDirectSoundCaptureCreate8 pDirectSoundCaptureCreate8 = NULL;
 static fnDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW pDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW = NULL;
+static fnGetDeviceID pGetDeviceID = NULL;
 
 static const GUID SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM = { 0x00000001, 0x0000, 0x0010, { 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71 } };
 static const GUID SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT = { 0x00000003, 0x0000, 0x0010, { 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71 } };
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ static void DSOUND_Unload(void)
     pDirectSoundEnumerateW = NULL;
     pDirectSoundCaptureCreate8 = NULL;
     pDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW = NULL;
+    pGetDeviceID = NULL;
 
     if (DSoundDLL != NULL) {
         SDL_UnloadObject(DSoundDLL);
@@ -77,18 +78,19 @@ static int DSOUND_Load(void)
     if (DSoundDLL == NULL) {
         SDL_SetError("DirectSound: failed to load DSOUND.DLL");
     } else {
-/* Now make sure we have DirectX 8 or better... */
+// Now make sure we have DirectX 8 or better...
 #define DSOUNDLOAD(f)                                  \
     {                                                  \
         p##f = (fn##f)SDL_LoadFunction(DSoundDLL, #f); \
         if (!p##f)                                     \
             loaded = 0;                                \
     }
-        loaded = 1; /* will reset if necessary. */
+        loaded = 1; // will reset if necessary.
         DSOUNDLOAD(DirectSoundCreate8);
         DSOUNDLOAD(DirectSoundEnumerateW);
         DSOUNDLOAD(DirectSoundCaptureCreate8);
         DSOUNDLOAD(DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW);
+        DSOUNDLOAD(GetDeviceID);
 #undef DSOUNDLOAD
 
         if (!loaded) {
@@ -150,55 +152,80 @@ static int SetDSerror(const char *function, int code)
 }
 
 static void DSOUND_FreeDeviceHandle(SDL_AudioDevice *device)
-{
-    SDL_free(device->handle);
-}
-
-static int DSOUND_GetDefaultAudioInfo(char **name, SDL_AudioSpec *spec, int iscapture)
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H
     if (SupportsIMMDevice) {
-        return SDL_IMMDevice_GetDefaultAudioInfo(name, spec, iscapture);
+        SDL_IMMDevice_FreeDeviceHandle(device);
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+        SDL_free(device->handle);
     }
-#endif /* HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H */
-    return SDL_Unsupported();
 }
 
-static BOOL CALLBACK FindAllDevs(LPGUID guid, LPCWSTR desc, LPCWSTR module, LPVOID data)
+// FindAllDevs is presumably only used on WinXP; Vista and later can use IMMDevice for better results.
+typedef struct FindAllDevsData
 {
-    const int iscapture = (int)((size_t)data);
-    if (guid != NULL) { /* skip default device */
+    SDL_bool iscapture;
+    SDL_AudioDevice **default_device;
+    LPCGUID default_device_guid;
+} FindAllDevsData;
+
+static BOOL CALLBACK FindAllDevs(LPGUID guid, LPCWSTR desc, LPCWSTR module, LPVOID userdata)
+{
+    FindAllDevsData *data = (FindAllDevsData *) userdata;
+    if (guid != NULL) { // skip default device
         char *str = WIN_LookupAudioDeviceName(desc, guid);
         if (str != NULL) {
             LPGUID cpyguid = (LPGUID)SDL_malloc(sizeof(GUID));
-            SDL_memcpy(cpyguid, guid, sizeof(GUID));
+            if (cpyguid) {
+                SDL_memcpy(cpyguid, guid, sizeof(GUID));
 
-            /* Note that spec is NULL, because we are required to connect to the
-             * device before getting the channel mask and output format, making
-             * this information inaccessible at enumeration time
-             */
-            SDL_AddAudioDevice(iscapture, str, NULL, cpyguid);
-            SDL_free(str); /* addfn() makes a copy of this string. */
+                /* Note that spec is NULL, because we are required to connect to the
+                 * device before getting the channel mask and output format, making
+                 * this information inaccessible at enumeration time
+                 */
+                SDL_AudioDevice *device = SDL_AddAudioDevice(data->iscapture, str, NULL, cpyguid);
+                if (device && data->default_device && data->default_device_guid) {
+                    if (SDL_memcmp(cpyguid, data->default_device_guid, sizeof (GUID)) == 0) {
+                        *data->default_device = device;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            SDL_free(str); // SDL_AddAudioDevice() makes a copy of this string.
         }
     }
-    return TRUE; /* keep enumerating. */
+    return TRUE; // keep enumerating.
 }
 
-static void DSOUND_DetectDevices(void)
+static void DSOUND_DetectDevices(SDL_AudioDevice **default_output, SDL_AudioDevice **default_capture)
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H
     if (SupportsIMMDevice) {
-        SDL_IMMDevice_EnumerateEndpoints(SDL_TRUE);
-    } else {
-#endif /* HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H */
-        pDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW(FindAllDevs, (void *)((size_t)1));
-        pDirectSoundEnumerateW(FindAllDevs, (void *)((size_t)0));
-#ifdef HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H
+        SDL_IMMDevice_EnumerateEndpoints(default_output, default_capture);
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+        // Without IMMDevice, you can enumerate devices and figure out the default devices,
+        //  but you won't get device hotplug or default device change notifications. But this is
+        //  only for WinXP; Windows Vista and later should be using IMMDevice.
+        FindAllDevsData data;
+        GUID guid;
+
+        data.iscapture = SDL_TRUE;
+        data.default_device = default_capture;
+        data.default_device_guid = (pGetDeviceID(&DSDEVID_DefaultCapture, &guid) == DS_OK) ? &guid : NULL;
+        pDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW(FindAllDevs, &data);
+
+        data.iscapture = SDL_FALSE;
+        data.default_device = default_output;
+        data.default_device_guid = (pGetDeviceID(&DSDEVID_DefaultPlayback, &guid) == DS_OK) ? &guid : NULL;
+        pDirectSoundEnumerateW(FindAllDevs, &data);
     }
-#endif /* HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H*/
+
 }
 
-static void DSOUND_WaitDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this)
+static void DSOUND_WaitDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *device)
 {
     DWORD status = 0;
     DWORD cursor = 0;
@@ -208,11 +235,11 @@ static void DSOUND_WaitDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this)
     /* Semi-busy wait, since we have no way of getting play notification
        on a primary mixing buffer located in hardware (DirectX 5.0)
      */
-    result = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(_this->hidden->mixbuf,
+    result = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(device->hidden->mixbuf,
                                                    &junk, &cursor);
     if (result != DS_OK) {
         if (result == DSERR_BUFFERLOST) {
-            IDirectSoundBuffer_Restore(_this->hidden->mixbuf);
+            IDirectSoundBuffer_Restore(device->hidden->mixbuf);
         }
 #ifdef DEBUG_SOUND
         SetDSerror("DirectSound GetCurrentPosition", result);
@@ -220,21 +247,24 @@ static void DSOUND_WaitDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this)
         return;
     }
 
-    while ((cursor / _this->spec.size) == _this->hidden->lastchunk) {
-        /* FIXME: find out how much time is left and sleep that long */
+    while ((cursor / device->buffer_size) == device->hidden->lastchunk) {
+        if (SDL_AtomicGet(&device->shutdown)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         SDL_Delay(1);
 
-        /* Try to restore a lost sound buffer */
-        IDirectSoundBuffer_GetStatus(_this->hidden->mixbuf, &status);
+        // Try to restore a lost sound buffer
+        IDirectSoundBuffer_GetStatus(device->hidden->mixbuf, &status);
         if (status & DSBSTATUS_BUFFERLOST) {
-            IDirectSoundBuffer_Restore(_this->hidden->mixbuf);
-            IDirectSoundBuffer_GetStatus(_this->hidden->mixbuf, &status);
+            IDirectSoundBuffer_Restore(device->hidden->mixbuf);
+            IDirectSoundBuffer_GetStatus(device->hidden->mixbuf, &status);
             if (status & DSBSTATUS_BUFFERLOST) {
                 break;
             }
         }
         if (!(status & DSBSTATUS_PLAYING)) {
-            result = IDirectSoundBuffer_Play(_this->hidden->mixbuf, 0, 0,
+            result = IDirectSoundBuffer_Play(device->hidden->mixbuf, 0, 0,
                                              DSBPLAY_LOOPING);
             if (result == DS_OK) {
                 continue;
@@ -245,8 +275,8 @@ static void DSOUND_WaitDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this)
             return;
         }
 
-        /* Find out where we are playing */
-        result = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(_this->hidden->mixbuf,
+        // Find out where we are playing
+        result = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(device->hidden->mixbuf,
                                                        &junk, &cursor);
         if (result != DS_OK) {
             SetDSerror("DirectSound GetCurrentPosition", result);
@@ -255,102 +285,100 @@ static void DSOUND_WaitDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this)
     }
 }
 
-static void DSOUND_PlayDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this)
+static void DSOUND_PlayDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *device, const Uint8 *buffer, int buflen)
 {
-    /* Unlock the buffer, allowing it to play */
-    if (_this->hidden->locked_buf) {
-        IDirectSoundBuffer_Unlock(_this->hidden->mixbuf,
-                                  _this->hidden->locked_buf,
-                                  _this->spec.size, NULL, 0);
-    }
+    // Unlock the buffer, allowing it to play
+    SDL_assert(buflen == device->buffer_size);
+    IDirectSoundBuffer_Unlock(device->hidden->mixbuf, (LPVOID) buffer, buflen, NULL, 0);
 }
 
-static Uint8 *DSOUND_GetDeviceBuf(SDL_AudioDevice *_this)
+static Uint8 *DSOUND_GetDeviceBuf(SDL_AudioDevice *device, int *buffer_size)
 {
     DWORD cursor = 0;
     DWORD junk = 0;
     HRESULT result = DS_OK;
-    DWORD rawlen = 0;
 
-    /* Figure out which blocks to fill next */
-    _this->hidden->locked_buf = NULL;
-    result = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(_this->hidden->mixbuf,
+    SDL_assert(*buffer_size == device->buffer_size);
+
+    // Figure out which blocks to fill next
+    device->hidden->locked_buf = NULL;
+    result = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(device->hidden->mixbuf,
                                                    &junk, &cursor);
     if (result == DSERR_BUFFERLOST) {
-        IDirectSoundBuffer_Restore(_this->hidden->mixbuf);
-        result = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(_this->hidden->mixbuf,
+        IDirectSoundBuffer_Restore(device->hidden->mixbuf);
+        result = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(device->hidden->mixbuf,
                                                        &junk, &cursor);
     }
     if (result != DS_OK) {
         SetDSerror("DirectSound GetCurrentPosition", result);
         return NULL;
     }
-    cursor /= _this->spec.size;
+    cursor /= device->buffer_size;
 #ifdef DEBUG_SOUND
-    /* Detect audio dropouts */
+    // Detect audio dropouts
     {
         DWORD spot = cursor;
-        if (spot < _this->hidden->lastchunk) {
-            spot += _this->hidden->num_buffers;
+        if (spot < device->hidden->lastchunk) {
+            spot += device->hidden->num_buffers;
         }
-        if (spot > _this->hidden->lastchunk + 1) {
+        if (spot > device->hidden->lastchunk + 1) {
             fprintf(stderr, "Audio dropout, missed %d fragments\n",
-                    (spot - (_this->hidden->lastchunk + 1)));
+                    (spot - (device->hidden->lastchunk + 1)));
         }
     }
 #endif
-    _this->hidden->lastchunk = cursor;
-    cursor = (cursor + 1) % _this->hidden->num_buffers;
-    cursor *= _this->spec.size;
+    device->hidden->lastchunk = cursor;
+    cursor = (cursor + 1) % device->hidden->num_buffers;
+    cursor *= device->buffer_size;
 
-    /* Lock the audio buffer */
-    result = IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock(_this->hidden->mixbuf, cursor,
-                                     _this->spec.size,
-                                     (LPVOID *)&_this->hidden->locked_buf,
+    // Lock the audio buffer
+    DWORD rawlen = 0;
+    result = IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock(device->hidden->mixbuf, cursor,
+                                     device->buffer_size,
+                                     (LPVOID *)&device->hidden->locked_buf,
                                      &rawlen, NULL, &junk, 0);
     if (result == DSERR_BUFFERLOST) {
-        IDirectSoundBuffer_Restore(_this->hidden->mixbuf);
-        result = IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock(_this->hidden->mixbuf, cursor,
-                                         _this->spec.size,
-                                         (LPVOID *)&_this->hidden->locked_buf, &rawlen, NULL,
+        IDirectSoundBuffer_Restore(device->hidden->mixbuf);
+        result = IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock(device->hidden->mixbuf, cursor,
+                                         device->buffer_size,
+                                         (LPVOID *)&device->hidden->locked_buf, &rawlen, NULL,
                                          &junk, 0);
     }
     if (result != DS_OK) {
         SetDSerror("DirectSound Lock", result);
         return NULL;
     }
-    return _this->hidden->locked_buf;
+    return device->hidden->locked_buf;
 }
 
-static int DSOUND_CaptureFromDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, void *buffer, int buflen)
+static void DSOUND_WaitCaptureDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *device)
 {
-    struct SDL_PrivateAudioData *h = _this->hidden;
-    DWORD junk, cursor, ptr1len, ptr2len;
+    struct SDL_PrivateAudioData *h = device->hidden;
+    while (!SDL_AtomicGet(&device->shutdown)) {
+        DWORD junk, cursor;
+        if (IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(h->capturebuf, &junk, &cursor) != DS_OK) {
+            SDL_AudioDeviceDisconnected(device);
+            return;
+        } else if ((cursor / device->buffer_size) != h->lastchunk) {
+            return;
+        }
+        SDL_Delay(1);
+    }
+}
+
+static int DSOUND_CaptureFromDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *device, void *buffer, int buflen)
+{
+    struct SDL_PrivateAudioData *h = device->hidden;
+    DWORD ptr1len, ptr2len;
     VOID *ptr1, *ptr2;
 
-    SDL_assert((Uint32)buflen == _this->spec.size);
+    SDL_assert(buflen == device->buffer_size);
 
-    while (SDL_TRUE) {
-        if (SDL_AtomicGet(&_this->shutdown)) { /* in case the buffer froze... */
-            SDL_memset(buffer, _this->spec.silence, buflen);
-            return buflen;
-        }
-
-        if (IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(h->capturebuf, &junk, &cursor) != DS_OK) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        if ((cursor / _this->spec.size) == h->lastchunk) {
-            SDL_Delay(1); /* FIXME: find out how much time is left and sleep that long */
-        } else {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Lock(h->capturebuf, h->lastchunk * _this->spec.size, _this->spec.size, &ptr1, &ptr1len, &ptr2, &ptr2len, 0) != DS_OK) {
+    if (IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Lock(h->capturebuf, h->lastchunk * buflen, buflen, &ptr1, &ptr1len, &ptr2, &ptr2len, 0) != DS_OK) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    SDL_assert(ptr1len == _this->spec.size);
+    SDL_assert(ptr1len == buflen);
     SDL_assert(ptr2 == NULL);
     SDL_assert(ptr2len == 0);
 
@@ -362,51 +390,54 @@ static int DSOUND_CaptureFromDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, void *buffer, int bu
 
     h->lastchunk = (h->lastchunk + 1) % h->num_buffers;
 
-    return ptr1len;
+    return (int) ptr1len;
 }
 
-static void DSOUND_FlushCapture(SDL_AudioDevice *_this)
+static void DSOUND_FlushCapture(SDL_AudioDevice *device)
 {
-    struct SDL_PrivateAudioData *h = _this->hidden;
+    struct SDL_PrivateAudioData *h = device->hidden;
     DWORD junk, cursor;
     if (IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(h->capturebuf, &junk, &cursor) == DS_OK) {
-        h->lastchunk = cursor / _this->spec.size;
+        h->lastchunk = cursor / device->buffer_size;
     }
 }
 
-static void DSOUND_CloseDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this)
+static void DSOUND_CloseDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *device)
 {
-    if (_this->hidden->mixbuf != NULL) {
-        IDirectSoundBuffer_Stop(_this->hidden->mixbuf);
-        IDirectSoundBuffer_Release(_this->hidden->mixbuf);
+    if (device->hidden) {
+        if (device->hidden->mixbuf != NULL) {
+            IDirectSoundBuffer_Stop(device->hidden->mixbuf);
+            IDirectSoundBuffer_Release(device->hidden->mixbuf);
+        }
+        if (device->hidden->sound != NULL) {
+            IDirectSound_Release(device->hidden->sound);
+        }
+        if (device->hidden->capturebuf != NULL) {
+            IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Stop(device->hidden->capturebuf);
+            IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Release(device->hidden->capturebuf);
+        }
+        if (device->hidden->capture != NULL) {
+            IDirectSoundCapture_Release(device->hidden->capture);
+        }
+        SDL_free(device->hidden);
+        device->hidden = NULL;
     }
-    if (_this->hidden->sound != NULL) {
-        IDirectSound_Release(_this->hidden->sound);
-    }
-    if (_this->hidden->capturebuf != NULL) {
-        IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Stop(_this->hidden->capturebuf);
-        IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Release(_this->hidden->capturebuf);
-    }
-    if (_this->hidden->capture != NULL) {
-        IDirectSoundCapture_Release(_this->hidden->capture);
-    }
-    SDL_free(_this->hidden);
 }
 
 /* This function tries to create a secondary audio buffer, and returns the
    number of audio chunks available in the created buffer. This is for
    playback devices, not capture.
 */
-static int CreateSecondary(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, const DWORD bufsize, WAVEFORMATEX *wfmt)
+static int CreateSecondary(SDL_AudioDevice *device, const DWORD bufsize, WAVEFORMATEX *wfmt)
 {
-    LPDIRECTSOUND sndObj = _this->hidden->sound;
-    LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER *sndbuf = &_this->hidden->mixbuf;
+    LPDIRECTSOUND sndObj = device->hidden->sound;
+    LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER *sndbuf = &device->hidden->mixbuf;
     HRESULT result = DS_OK;
     DSBUFFERDESC format;
     LPVOID pvAudioPtr1, pvAudioPtr2;
     DWORD dwAudioBytes1, dwAudioBytes2;
 
-    /* Try to create the secondary buffer */
+    // Try to create the secondary buffer
     SDL_zero(format);
     format.dwSize = sizeof(format);
     format.dwFlags = DSBCAPS_GETCURRENTPOSITION2;
@@ -419,30 +450,29 @@ static int CreateSecondary(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, const DWORD bufsize, WAVEFORM
     }
     IDirectSoundBuffer_SetFormat(*sndbuf, wfmt);
 
-    /* Silence the initial audio buffer */
+    // Silence the initial audio buffer
     result = IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock(*sndbuf, 0, format.dwBufferBytes,
                                      (LPVOID *)&pvAudioPtr1, &dwAudioBytes1,
                                      (LPVOID *)&pvAudioPtr2, &dwAudioBytes2,
                                      DSBLOCK_ENTIREBUFFER);
     if (result == DS_OK) {
-        SDL_memset(pvAudioPtr1, _this->spec.silence, dwAudioBytes1);
+        SDL_memset(pvAudioPtr1, device->silence_value, dwAudioBytes1);
         IDirectSoundBuffer_Unlock(*sndbuf,
                                   (LPVOID)pvAudioPtr1, dwAudioBytes1,
                                   (LPVOID)pvAudioPtr2, dwAudioBytes2);
     }
 
-    /* We're ready to go */
-    return 0;
+    return 0;  // We're ready to go
 }
 
 /* This function tries to create a capture buffer, and returns the
    number of audio chunks available in the created buffer. This is for
    capture devices, not playback.
 */
-static int CreateCaptureBuffer(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, const DWORD bufsize, WAVEFORMATEX *wfmt)
+static int CreateCaptureBuffer(SDL_AudioDevice *device, const DWORD bufsize, WAVEFORMATEX *wfmt)
 {
-    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE capture = _this->hidden->capture;
-    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER *capturebuf = &_this->hidden->capturebuf;
+    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE capture = device->hidden->capture;
+    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER *capturebuf = &device->hidden->capturebuf;
     DSCBUFFERDESC format;
     HRESULT result;
 
@@ -464,7 +494,7 @@ static int CreateCaptureBuffer(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, const DWORD bufsize, WAVE
     }
 
 #if 0
-    /* presumably this starts at zero, but just in case... */
+    // presumably this starts at zero, but just in case...
     result = IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_GetCurrentPosition(*capturebuf, &junk, &cursor);
     if (result != DS_OK) {
         IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Stop(*capturebuf);
@@ -472,42 +502,45 @@ static int CreateCaptureBuffer(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, const DWORD bufsize, WAVE
         return SetDSerror("DirectSound GetCurrentPosition", result);
     }
 
-    _this->hidden->lastchunk = cursor / _this->spec.size;
+    device->hidden->lastchunk = cursor / device->buffer_size;
 #endif
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int DSOUND_OpenDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, const char *devname)
+static int DSOUND_OpenDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *device)
 {
-    const DWORD numchunks = 8;
-    HRESULT result;
-    SDL_bool tried_format = SDL_FALSE;
-    SDL_bool iscapture = _this->iscapture;
-    SDL_AudioFormat test_format;
-    const SDL_AudioFormat *closefmts;
-    LPGUID guid = (LPGUID)_this->handle;
-    DWORD bufsize;
-
-    /* Initialize all variables that we clean on shutdown */
-    _this->hidden = (struct SDL_PrivateAudioData *)SDL_malloc(sizeof(*_this->hidden));
-    if (_this->hidden == NULL) {
+    // Initialize all variables that we clean on shutdown
+    device->hidden = (struct SDL_PrivateAudioData *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*device->hidden));
+    if (device->hidden == NULL) {
         return SDL_OutOfMemory();
     }
-    SDL_zerop(_this->hidden);
 
-    /* Open the audio device */
-    if (iscapture) {
-        result = pDirectSoundCaptureCreate8(guid, &_this->hidden->capture, NULL);
+    // Open the audio device
+    LPGUID guid;
+#ifdef HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H
+    if (SupportsIMMDevice) {
+        guid = SDL_IMMDevice_GetDirectSoundGUID(device);
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+        guid = (LPGUID) device->handle;
+    }
+
+    SDL_assert(guid != NULL);
+
+    HRESULT result;
+    if (device->iscapture) {
+        result = pDirectSoundCaptureCreate8(guid, &device->hidden->capture, NULL);
         if (result != DS_OK) {
             return SetDSerror("DirectSoundCaptureCreate8", result);
         }
     } else {
-        result = pDirectSoundCreate8(guid, &_this->hidden->sound, NULL);
+        result = pDirectSoundCreate8(guid, &device->hidden->sound, NULL);
         if (result != DS_OK) {
             return SetDSerror("DirectSoundCreate8", result);
         }
-        result = IDirectSound_SetCooperativeLevel(_this->hidden->sound,
+        result = IDirectSound_SetCooperativeLevel(device->hidden->sound,
                                                   GetDesktopWindow(),
                                                   DSSCL_NORMAL);
         if (result != DS_OK) {
@@ -515,7 +548,10 @@ static int DSOUND_OpenDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, const char *devname)
         }
     }
 
-    closefmts = SDL_ClosestAudioFormats(_this->spec.format);
+    const DWORD numchunks = 8;
+    SDL_bool tried_format = SDL_FALSE;
+    SDL_AudioFormat test_format;
+    const SDL_AudioFormat *closefmts = SDL_ClosestAudioFormats(device->spec.format);
     while ((test_format = *(closefmts++)) != 0) {
         switch (test_format) {
         case SDL_AUDIO_U8:
@@ -524,69 +560,68 @@ static int DSOUND_OpenDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, const char *devname)
         case SDL_AUDIO_F32:
             tried_format = SDL_TRUE;
 
-            _this->spec.format = test_format;
+            device->spec.format = test_format;
 
-            /* Update the fragment size as size in bytes */
-            SDL_CalculateAudioSpec(&_this->spec);
+            // Update the fragment size as size in bytes
+            SDL_UpdatedAudioDeviceFormat(device);
 
-            bufsize = numchunks * _this->spec.size;
+            const DWORD bufsize = numchunks * device->buffer_size;
             if ((bufsize < DSBSIZE_MIN) || (bufsize > DSBSIZE_MAX)) {
                 SDL_SetError("Sound buffer size must be between %d and %d",
                              (int)((DSBSIZE_MIN < numchunks) ? 1 : DSBSIZE_MIN / numchunks),
                              (int)(DSBSIZE_MAX / numchunks));
             } else {
-                int rc;
                 WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE wfmt;
                 SDL_zero(wfmt);
-                if (_this->spec.channels > 2) {
+                if (device->spec.channels > 2) {
                     wfmt.Format.wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE;
                     wfmt.Format.cbSize = sizeof(wfmt) - sizeof(WAVEFORMATEX);
 
-                    if (SDL_AUDIO_ISFLOAT(_this->spec.format)) {
+                    if (SDL_AUDIO_ISFLOAT(device->spec.format)) {
                         SDL_memcpy(&wfmt.SubFormat, &SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT, sizeof(GUID));
                     } else {
                         SDL_memcpy(&wfmt.SubFormat, &SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM, sizeof(GUID));
                     }
-                    wfmt.Samples.wValidBitsPerSample = SDL_AUDIO_BITSIZE(_this->spec.format);
+                    wfmt.Samples.wValidBitsPerSample = SDL_AUDIO_BITSIZE(device->spec.format);
 
-                    switch (_this->spec.channels) {
-                    case 3: /* 3.0 (or 2.1) */
+                    switch (device->spec.channels) {
+                    case 3: // 3.0 (or 2.1)
                         wfmt.dwChannelMask = SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER;
                         break;
-                    case 4: /* 4.0 */
+                    case 4: // 4.0
                         wfmt.dwChannelMask = SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT | SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT;
                         break;
-                    case 5: /* 5.0 (or 4.1) */
+                    case 5: // 5.0 (or 4.1)
                         wfmt.dwChannelMask = SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER | SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT | SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT;
                         break;
-                    case 6: /* 5.1 */
+                    case 6: // 5.1
                         wfmt.dwChannelMask = SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER | SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY | SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT | SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT;
                         break;
-                    case 7: /* 6.1 */
+                    case 7: // 6.1
                         wfmt.dwChannelMask = SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER | SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY | SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT | SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT | SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER;
                         break;
-                    case 8: /* 7.1 */
+                    case 8: // 7.1
                         wfmt.dwChannelMask = SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT | SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT | SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER | SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY | SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT | SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT | SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT | SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT;
                         break;
                     default:
                         SDL_assert(0 && "Unsupported channel count!");
                         break;
                     }
-                } else if (SDL_AUDIO_ISFLOAT(_this->spec.format)) {
+                } else if (SDL_AUDIO_ISFLOAT(device->spec.format)) {
                     wfmt.Format.wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT;
                 } else {
                     wfmt.Format.wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM;
                 }
 
-                wfmt.Format.wBitsPerSample = SDL_AUDIO_BITSIZE(_this->spec.format);
-                wfmt.Format.nChannels = _this->spec.channels;
-                wfmt.Format.nSamplesPerSec = _this->spec.freq;
+                wfmt.Format.wBitsPerSample = SDL_AUDIO_BITSIZE(device->spec.format);
+                wfmt.Format.nChannels = device->spec.channels;
+                wfmt.Format.nSamplesPerSec = device->spec.freq;
                 wfmt.Format.nBlockAlign = wfmt.Format.nChannels * (wfmt.Format.wBitsPerSample / 8);
                 wfmt.Format.nAvgBytesPerSec = wfmt.Format.nSamplesPerSec * wfmt.Format.nBlockAlign;
 
-                rc = iscapture ? CreateCaptureBuffer(_this, bufsize, (WAVEFORMATEX *)&wfmt) : CreateSecondary(_this, bufsize, (WAVEFORMATEX *)&wfmt);
+                const int rc = device->iscapture ? CreateCaptureBuffer(device, bufsize, (WAVEFORMATEX *)&wfmt) : CreateSecondary(device, bufsize, (WAVEFORMATEX *)&wfmt);
                 if (rc == 0) {
-                    _this->hidden->num_buffers = numchunks;
+                    device->hidden->num_buffers = numchunks;
                     break;
                 }
             }
@@ -599,14 +634,14 @@ static int DSOUND_OpenDevice(SDL_AudioDevice *_this, const char *devname)
 
     if (!test_format) {
         if (tried_format) {
-            return -1; /* CreateSecondary() should have called SDL_SetError(). */
+            return -1; // CreateSecondary() should have called SDL_SetError().
         }
         return SDL_SetError("%s: Unsupported audio format", "directsound");
     }
 
-    /* Playback buffers will auto-start playing in DSOUND_WaitDevice() */
+    // Playback buffers will auto-start playing in DSOUND_WaitDevice()
 
-    return 0; /* good to go. */
+    return 0; // good to go.
 }
 
 static void DSOUND_Deinitialize(void)
@@ -616,7 +651,7 @@ static void DSOUND_Deinitialize(void)
         SDL_IMMDevice_Quit();
         SupportsIMMDevice = SDL_FALSE;
     }
-#endif /* HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H */
+#endif
     DSOUND_Unload();
 }
 
@@ -628,28 +663,27 @@ static SDL_bool DSOUND_Init(SDL_AudioDriverImpl *impl)
 
 #ifdef HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H
     SupportsIMMDevice = !(SDL_IMMDevice_Init() < 0);
-#endif /* HAVE_MMDEVICEAPI_H */
+#endif
 
-    /* Set the function pointers */
     impl->DetectDevices = DSOUND_DetectDevices;
     impl->OpenDevice = DSOUND_OpenDevice;
     impl->PlayDevice = DSOUND_PlayDevice;
     impl->WaitDevice = DSOUND_WaitDevice;
     impl->GetDeviceBuf = DSOUND_GetDeviceBuf;
+    impl->WaitCaptureDevice = DSOUND_WaitCaptureDevice;
     impl->CaptureFromDevice = DSOUND_CaptureFromDevice;
     impl->FlushCapture = DSOUND_FlushCapture;
     impl->CloseDevice = DSOUND_CloseDevice;
     impl->FreeDeviceHandle = DSOUND_FreeDeviceHandle;
     impl->Deinitialize = DSOUND_Deinitialize;
-    impl->GetDefaultAudioInfo = DSOUND_GetDefaultAudioInfo;
 
     impl->HasCaptureSupport = SDL_TRUE;
 
-    return SDL_TRUE; /* this audio target is available. */
+    return SDL_TRUE;
 }
 
 AudioBootStrap DSOUND_bootstrap = {
     "directsound", "DirectSound", DSOUND_Init, SDL_FALSE
 };
 
-#endif /* SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DSOUND */
+#endif // SDL_AUDIO_DRIVER_DSOUND
diff --git a/src/audio/directsound/SDL_directsound.h b/src/audio/directsound/SDL_directsound.h
index d66c920aec..18b67dac27 100644
--- a/src/audio/directsound/SDL_directsound.h
+++ b/src/audio/directsound/SDL_directsound.h
@@ -27,9 +27,10 @@
 
 #include "../SDL_sysaudio.h"
 
-/* The DirectSound objects */
+// The DirectSound objects
 struct SDL_PrivateAudioData
 {
+    // !!! FIXME: make this a union with capture/playback sections?
     LPDIRECTSOUND sound;
     LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER mixbuf;
     LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE capture;
@@ -39,4 +40,4 @@ struct SDL_PrivateAudioData
     Uint8 *locked_buf;
 };
 
-#endif /* SDL_directsound_h_ */
+#endif // SDL_directsound_h_
diff --git a/src/core/windows/SDL_immdevice.c b/src/core/windows/SDL_immdevice.c
index 8f91268fb3..c00916a417 100644
--- a/src/core/windows/SDL_immdevice.c
+++ b/src/core/windows/SDL_immdevice.c
@@ -27,6 +27,12 @@
 #include "../../audio/SDL_sysaudio.h"
 #include <objbase.h> /* For CLSIDFromString */
 
+typedef struct SDL_IMMDevice_HandleData
+{
+    LPWSTR immdevice_id;
+    GUID directsound_guid;
+} SDL_IMMDevice_HandleData;
+
 static const ERole SDL_IMMDevice_role = eConsole; /* !!! FIXME: should this be eMultimedia? Should be a hint? */
 
 /* This is global to the WASAPI target, to handle hotplug and default device lookup. */
@@ -51,9 +57,26 @@ static const GUID SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM = { 0x00000001, 0x0000, 0x0010,{
 static const GUID SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT = { 0x00000003, 0x0000, 0x0010,{ 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71 } };
 /* *INDENT-ON* */ /* clang-format on */
 
-/* these increment as default devices change. Opened default devices pick up changes in their threads. */
-SDL_AtomicInt SDL_IMMDevice_DefaultPlaybackGeneration;
-SDL_AtomicInt SDL_IMMDevice_DefaultCaptureGeneration;
+static SDL_bool FindByDevIDCallback(SDL_AudioDevice *device, void *userdata)
+{
+    const SDL_IMMDevice_HandleData *handle = (const SDL_IMMDevice_HandleData *) device->handle;
+    return (SDL_wcscmp(handle->immdevice_id, (LPCWSTR) userdata) == 0) ? SDL_TRUE : SDL_FALSE;
+}
+
+static SDL_AudioDevice *SDL_IMMDevice_FindByDevID(LPCWSTR devid)
+{
+    return SDL_FindPhysicalAudioDeviceByCallback(FindByDevIDCallback, (void *) devid);
+}
+
+LPGUID SDL_IMMDevice_GetDirectSoundGUID(SDL_AudioDevice *device)
+{
+    return (device && device->handle) ? &(((SDL_IMMDevice_HandleData *) device->handle)->directsound_guid) : NULL;
+}
+
+LPCWSTR SDL_IMMDevice_GetDevID(SDL_AudioDevice *device)
+{
+    return (device && device->handle) ? ((const SDL_IMMDevice_HandleData *) device->handle)->immdevice_id : NULL;
+}
 
 static void GetMMDeviceInfo(IMMDevice *device, char **utf8dev, WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE *fmt, GUID *guid)
 {
@@ -82,94 +105,54 @@ static void GetMMDeviceInfo(IMMDevice *device, char **utf8dev, WAVEFORMATEXTENSI
     }
 }
 
-/* This is a list of device id strings we have inflight, so we have consistent pointers to the same device. */
-typedef struct DevIdList
+void SDL_IMMDevice_FreeDeviceHandle(SDL_AudioDevice *device)
 {
-    LPWSTR str;
-    LPGUID guid;
-    struct DevIdList *next;
-} DevIdList;
-
-static DevIdList *deviceid_list = NULL;
-
-static void SDL_IMMDevice_Remove(const SDL_bool iscapture, LPCWSTR devid, SDL_bool useguid)
-{
-    DevIdList *i;
-    DevIdList *next;
-    DevIdList *prev = NULL;
-    for (i = deviceid_list; i; i = next) {
-        next = i->next;
-        if (SDL_wcscmp(i->str, devid) == 0) {
-            if (prev) {
-                prev->next = next;
-            } else {
-                deviceid_list = next;
-            }
-            SDL_RemoveAudioDevice(iscapture, useguid ? ((void *)i->guid) : ((void *)i->str));
-            SDL_free(i->str);
-            SDL_free(i);
-        } else {
-            prev = i;
-        }
+    if (device && device->handle) {
+        SDL_IMMDevice_HandleData *handle = (SDL_IMMDevice_HandleData *) device->handle;
+        SDL_free(handle->immdevice_id);
+        SDL_free(handle);
+        device->handle = NULL;
     }
 }
 
-static void SDL_IMMDevice_Add(const SDL_bool iscapture, const char *devname, WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE *fmt, LPCWSTR devid, GUID *dsoundguid, SDL_bool useguid)
+static SDL_AudioDevice *SDL_IMMDevice_Add(const SDL_bool iscapture, const char *devname, WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE *fmt, LPCWSTR devid, GUID *dsoundguid)
 {
-    DevIdList *devidlist;
-    SDL_AudioSpec spec;
-    LPWSTR devidcopy;
-    LPGUID cpyguid;
-    LPVOID driverdata;
-
     /* You can have multiple endpoints on a device that are mutually exclusive ("Speakers" vs "Line Out" or whatever).
        In a perfect world, things that are unplugged won't be in this collection. The only gotcha is probably for
        phones and tablets, where you might have an internal speaker and a headphone jack and expect both to be
        available and switch automatically. (!!! FIXME...?) */
 
-    /* see if we already have this one. */
-    for (devidlist = deviceid_list; devidlist; devidlist = devidlist->next) {
-        if (SDL_wcscmp(devidlist->str, devid) == 0) {
-            return; /* we already have this. */
+    if (!devname) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // see if we already have this one first.
+    SDL_AudioDevice *device = SDL_IMMDevice_FindByDevID(devid);
+    if (!device) {
+        // handle is freed by SDL_IMMDevice_FreeDeviceHandle!
+        SDL_IMMDevice_HandleData *handle = SDL_malloc(sizeof(SDL_IMMDevice_HandleData));
+        if (!handle) {
+            SDL_OutOfMemory();
+            return NULL;
         }
-    }
-
-    devidlist = (DevIdList *)SDL_malloc(sizeof(*devidlist));
-    if (devidlist == NULL) {
-        return; /* oh well. */
-    }
-
-    devidcopy = SDL_wcsdup(devid);
-    if (!devidcopy) {
-        SDL_free(devidlist);
-        return; /* oh well. */
-    }
-
-    if (useguid) {
-        /* This is freed by DSOUND_FreeDeviceData! */
-        cpyguid = (LPGUID)SDL_malloc(sizeof(GUID));
-        if (!cpyguid) {
-            SDL_free(devidlist);
-            SDL_free(devidcopy);
-            return; /* oh well. */
+        handle->immdevice_id = SDL_wcsdup(devid);
+        if (!handle->immdevice_id) {
+            SDL_OutOfMemory();
+            SDL_free(handle);
+            return NULL;
         }
-        SDL_memcpy(cpyguid, dsoundguid, sizeof(GUID));
-        driverdata = cpyguid;
-    } else {
-        cpyguid = NULL;
-        driverdata = devidcopy;
+        SDL_memcpy(&handle->directsound_guid, dsoundguid, sizeof(GUID));
+
+        SDL_AudioSpec spec;
+        SDL_zero(spec);
+        spec.channels = (Uint8)fmt->Format.nChannels;
+        spec.freq = fmt->Format.nSamplesPerSec;
+        spec.format = WaveFormatToSDLFormat((WAVEFORMATEX *)fmt);
+
+        device = SDL_AddAudioDevice(iscapture, devname, &spec, handle);
     }
 
-    devidlist->str = devidcopy;
-    devidlist->guid = cpyguid;
-    devidlist->next = deviceid_list;
-    deviceid_list = devidlist;
-
-    SDL_zero(spec);
-    spec.channels = (Uint8)fmt->Format.nChannels;
-    spec.freq = fmt->Format.nSamplesPerSec;
-    spec.format = WaveFormatToSDLFormat((WAVEFORMATEX *)fmt);
-    SDL_AddAudioDevice(iscapture, devname, &spec, driverdata);
+    return device;
 }
 
 /* We need a COM subclass of IMMNotificationClient for hotplug support, which is
@@ -184,11 +167,11 @@ typedef struct SDLMMNotificationClient
     SDL_bool useguid;
 } SDLMMNotificationClient;
 
-static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_QueryInterface(IMMNotificationClient *this, REFIID iid, void **ppv)
+static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_QueryInterface(IMMNotificationClient *client, REFIID iid, void **ppv)
 {
     if ((WIN_IsEqualIID(iid, &IID_IUnknown)) || (WIN_IsEqualIID(iid, &SDL_IID_IMMNotificationClient))) {
-        *ppv = this;
-        this->lpVtbl->AddRef(this);
+        *ppv = client;
+        client->lpVtbl->AddRef(client);
         return S_OK;
     }
 
@@ -196,55 +179,34 @@ static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_QueryInterface(IMMNotif
     return E_NOINTERFACE;
 }
 
-static ULONG STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_AddRef(IMMNotificationClient *ithis)
+static ULONG STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_AddRef(IMMNotificationClient *iclient)
 {
-    SDLMMNotificationClient *this = (SDLMMNotificationClient *)ithis;
-    return (ULONG)(SDL_AtomicIncRef(&this->refcount) + 1);
+    SDLMMNotificationClient *client = (SDLMMNotificationClient *)iclient;
+    return (ULONG)(SDL_AtomicIncRef(&client->refcount) + 1);
 }
 
-static ULONG STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_Release(IMMNotificationClient *ithis)
+static ULONG STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_Release(IMMNotificationClient *iclient)
 {
-    /* this is a static object; we don't ever free it. */
-    SDLMMNotificationClient *this = (SDLMMNotificationClient *)ithis;
-    const ULONG retval = SDL_AtomicDecRef(&this->refcount);
+    /* client is a static object; we don't ever free it. */
+    SDLMMNotificationClient *client = (SDLMMNotificationClient *)iclient;
+    const ULONG retval = SDL_AtomicDecRef(&client->refcount);
     if (retval == 0) {
-        SDL_AtomicSet(&this->refcount, 0); /* uhh... */
+        SDL_AtomicSet(&client->refcount, 0); /* uhh... */
         return 0;
     }
     return retval - 1;
 }
 
-/* These are the entry points called when WASAPI device endpoints change. */
-static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDefaultDeviceChanged(IMMNotificationClient *ithis, EDataFlow flow, ERole role, LPCWSTR pwstrDeviceId)
+// These are the entry points called when WASAPI device endpoints change.
+static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDefaultDeviceChanged(IMMNotificationClient *iclient, EDataFlow flow, ERole role, LPCWSTR pwstrDeviceId)
 {
-    if (role != SDL_IMMDevice_role) {
-        return S_OK; /* ignore it. */
+    if (role == SDL_IMMDevice_role) {
+        SDL_DefaultAudioDeviceChanged(SDL_IMMDevice_FindByDevID(pwstrDeviceId));
     }
-
-    /* Increment the "generation," so opened devices will pick this up in their threads. */
-    switch (flow) {
-    case eRender:
-        SDL_AtomicAdd(&SDL_IMMDevice_DefaultPlaybackGeneration, 1);
-        break;
-
-    case eCapture:
-        SDL_AtomicAdd(&SDL_IMMDevice_DefaultCaptureGeneration, 1);
-        break;
-
-    case eAll:
-        SDL_AtomicAdd(&SDL_IMMDevice_DefaultPlaybackGeneration, 1);
-        SDL_AtomicAdd(&SDL_IMMDevice_DefaultCaptureGeneration, 1);
-        break;
-
-    default:
-        SDL_assert(!"uhoh, unexpected OnDefaultDeviceChange flow!");
-        break;
-    }
-
     return S_OK;
 }
 
-static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDeviceAdded(IMMNotificationClient *ithis, LPCWSTR pwstrDeviceId)
+static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDeviceAdded(IMMNotificationClient *iclient, LPCWSTR pwstrDeviceId)
 {
     /* we ignore this; devices added here then progress to ACTIVE, if appropriate, in
        OnDeviceStateChange, making that a better place to deal with device adds. More
@@ -254,13 +216,12 @@ static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDeviceAdded(IMMNotifi
     return S_OK;
 }
 
-static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDeviceRemoved(IMMNotificationClient *ithis, LPCWSTR pwstrDeviceId)
+static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDeviceRemoved(IMMNotificationClient *iclient, LPCWSTR pwstrDeviceId)
 {
-    /* See notes in OnDeviceAdded handler about why we ignore this. */
-    return S_OK;
+    return S_OK;  // See notes in OnDeviceAdded handler about why we ignore this.
 }
 
-static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDeviceStateChanged(IMMNotificationClient *ithis, LPCWSTR pwstrDeviceId, DWORD dwNewState)
+static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDeviceStateChanged(IMMNotificationClient *iclient, LPCWSTR pwstrDeviceId, DWORD dwNewState)
 {
     IMMDevice *device = NULL;
 
@@ -270,18 +231,17 @@ static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDeviceStateChanged(IM
             EDataFlow flow;
             if (SUCCEEDED(IMMEndpoint_GetDataFlow(endpoint, &flow))) {
                 const SDL_bool iscapture = (flow == eCapture);
-                const SDLMMNotificationClient *client = (SDLMMNotificationClient *)ithis;
                 if (dwNewState == DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE) {
                     char *utf8dev;
                     WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE fmt;
                     GUID dsoundguid;
                     GetMMDeviceInfo(device, &utf8dev, &fmt, &dsoundguid);
                     if (utf8dev) {
-                        SDL_IMMDevice_Add(iscapture, utf8dev, &fmt, pwstrDeviceId, &dsoundguid, client->useguid);
+                        SDL_IMMDevice_Add(iscapture, utf8dev, &fmt, pwstrDeviceId, &dsoundguid);
                         SDL_free(utf8dev);
                     }
                 } else {
-                    SDL_IMMDevice_Remove(iscapture, pwstrDeviceId, client->useguid);
+                    SDL_AudioDeviceDisconnected(SDL_IMMDevice_FindByDevID(pwstrDeviceId));
                 }
             }
             IMMEndpoint_Release(endpoint);
@@ -292,9 +252,9 @@ static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnDeviceStateChanged(IM
     return S_OK;
 }
 
-static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnPropertyValueChanged(IMMNotificationClient *this, LPCWSTR pwstrDeviceId, const PROPERTYKEY key)
+static HRESULT STDMETHODCALLTYPE SDLMMNotificationClient_OnPropertyValueChanged(IMMNotificationClient *client, LPCWSTR pwstrDeviceId, const PROPERTYKEY key)
 {
-    return S_OK; /* we don't care about these. */
+    return S_OK; // we don't care about these.
 }
 
 static const IMMNotificationClientVtbl notification_client_vtbl = {
@@ -314,31 +274,25 @@ int SDL_IMMDevice_Init(void)
 {
     HRESULT ret;
 
-    SDL_AtomicSet(&SDL_IMMDevice_DefaultPlaybackGeneration, 1);
-    SDL_AtomicSet(&SDL_IMMDevice_DefaultCaptureGeneration, 1);
-
     /* just skip the discussion with COM here. */
     if (!WIN_IsWindowsVistaOrGreater()) {
-        return SDL_SetError("WASAPI support requires Windows Vista or later");
+        return SDL_SetError("IMMDevice support requires Windows Vista or later");
     }
 
     if (FAILED(WIN_CoInitialize())) {
-        return SDL_SetError("WASAPI: CoInitialize() failed");
+        return SDL_SetError("IMMDevice: CoInitialize() failed");
     }
 
     ret = CoCreateInstance(&SDL_CLSID_MMDeviceEnumerator, NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, &SDL_IID_IMMDeviceEnumerator, (LPVOID *)&enumerator);
     if (FAILED(ret)) {
         WIN_CoUninitialize();
-        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT("WASAPI CoCreateInstance(MMDeviceEnumerator)", ret);
+        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT("IMMDevice CoCreateInstance(MMDeviceEnumerator)", ret);
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
 void SDL_IMMDevice_Quit(void)
 {
-    DevIdList *devidlist;
-    DevIdList *next;
-
     if (enumerator) {
         IMMDeviceEnumerator_UnregisterEndpointNotificationCallback(enumerator, (IMMNotificationClient *)&notification_client);
         IMMDeviceEnumerator_Release(enumerator);
@@ -346,178 +300,101 @@ void SDL_IMMDevice_Quit(void)
     }
 
     WIN_CoUninitialize();
-
-    for (devidlist = deviceid_list; devidlist; devidlist = next) {
-        next = devidlist->next;
-        SDL_free(devidlist->str);
-        SDL_free(devidlist);
-    }
-    deviceid_list = NULL;
 }
 
-int SDL_IMMDevice_Get(LPCWSTR devid, IMMDevice **device, SDL_bool iscapture)
+int SDL_IMMDevice_Get(SDL_AudioDevice *device, IMMDevice **immdevice, SDL_bool iscapture)
 {
     const Uint64 timeout = SDL_GetTicks() + 8000;  /* intel's audio drivers can fail for up to EIGHT SECONDS after a device is connected or we wake from sleep. */
-    HRESULT ret;
 
     SDL_assert(device != NULL);
+    SDL_assert(immdevice != NULL);
 
-    while (SDL_TRUE) {
-        if (devid == NULL) {
-            const EDataFlow dataflow = iscapture ? eCapture : eRender;
-            ret = IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(enumerator, dataflow, SDL_IMMDevice_role, device);
-        } else {
-            ret = IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDevice(enumerator, devid, device);
+    LPCWSTR devid = SDL_IMMDevice_GetDevID(device);
+    SDL_assert(devid != NULL);
+
+    HRESULT ret;
+    while ((ret = IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDevice(enumerator, devid, immdevice)) == E_NOTFOUND) {
+        const Uint64 now = SDL_GetTicks();
+        if (timeout > now) {
+            const Uint64 ticksleft = timeout - now;
+            SDL_Delay((Uint32)SDL_min(ticksleft, 300));   /* wait awhile and try again. */
+            continue;
         }
-
-        if (SUCCEEDED(ret)) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        if (ret == E_NOTFOUND) {
-            const Uint64 now = SDL_GetTicks();
-            if (timeout > now) {
-                const Uint64 ticksleft = timeout - now;
-                SDL_Delay((Uint32)SDL_min(ticksleft, 300));   /* wait awhile and try again. */
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT("WASAPI can't find requested audio endpoint", ret);
+        break;
     }
-    return 0;
+
+    return SUCCEEDED(ret) ? 0 : WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT("WASAPI can't find requested audio endpoint", ret);
+
 }
 
-typedef struct
+static void EnumerateEndpointsForFlow(const SDL_bool iscapture, SDL_AudioDevice **default_device)
 {
-    LPWSTR devid;
-    char *devname;
-    WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE fmt;
-    GUID dsoundguid;
-} EndpointItem;
-
-static int SDLCALL sort_endpoints(const void *_a, const void *_b)
-{
-    LPWSTR a = ((const EndpointItem *)_a)->devid;
-    LPWSTR b = ((const EndpointItem *)_b)->devid;
-    if (!a && !b) {
-        return 0;
-    } else if (!a && b) {
-        return -1;
-    } else if (a && !b) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    while (SDL_TRUE) {
-        if (*a < *b) {
-            return -1;
-        } else if (*a > *b) {
-            return 1;
-        } else if (*a == 0) {
-            break;
-        }
-        a++;
-        b++;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void EnumerateEndpointsForFlow(const SDL_bool iscapture)
-{
-    IMMDeviceCollection *collection = NULL;
-    EndpointItem *items;
-    UINT i, total;
-
     /* Note that WASAPI separates "adapter devices" from "audio endpoint devices"
        ...one adapter device ("SoundBlaster Pro") might have multiple endpoint devices ("Speakers", "Line-Out"). */
 
+    IMMDeviceCollection *collection = NULL;
     if (FAILED(IMMDeviceEnumerator_EnumAudioEndpoints(enumerator, iscapture ? eCapture : eRender, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &collection))) {
         return;
     }
 
+    UINT total = 0;
     if (FAILED(IMMDeviceCollection_GetCount(collection, &total))) {
         IMMDeviceCollection_Release(collection);
         return;
     }
 
-    items = (EndpointItem *)SDL_calloc(total, sizeof(EndpointItem));
-    if (items == NULL) {
-        return; /* oh well. */
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < total; i++) {
-        EndpointItem *item = items + i;
-        IMMDevice *device = NULL;
-        if (SUCCEEDED(IMMDeviceCollection_Item(collection, i, &device))) {
-            if (SUCCEEDED(IMMDevice_GetId(device, &item->devid))) {
-                GetMMDeviceInfo(device, &item->devname, &item->fmt, &item->dsoundguid);
+    LPWSTR default_devid = NULL;
+    if (default_device) {
+        IMMDevice *default_immdevice = NULL;
+        const EDataFlow dataflow = iscapture ? eCapture : eRender;
+        if (SUCCEEDED(IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(enumerator, dataflow, SDL_IMMDevice_role, &default_immdevice))) {
+            LPWSTR devid = NULL;
+            if (SUCCEEDED(IMMDevice_GetId(default_immdevice, &devid))) {
+                default_devid = SDL_wcsdup(devid);  // if this fails, oh well.
+                CoTaskMemFree(devid);
             }
-            IMMDevice_Release(device);
+            IMMDevice_Release(default_immdevice);
         }
     }
 
-    /* sort the list of devices by their guid so list is consistent between runs */
-    SDL_qsort(items, total, sizeof(*items), sort_endpoints);
-
-    /* Send the sorted list on to the SDL's higher level. */
-    for (i = 0; i < total; i++) {
-        EndpointItem *item = items + i;
-        if ((item->devid) && (item->devname)) {
-            SDL_IMMDevice_Add(iscapture, item->devname, &item->fmt, item->devid, &item->dsoundguid, notification_client.useguid);
+    for (UINT i = 0; i < total; i++) {
+        IMMDevice *immdevice = NULL;
+        if (SUCCEEDED(IMMDeviceCollection_Item(collection, i, &immdevice))) {
+            LPWSTR devid = NULL;
+            if (SUCCEEDED(IMMDevice_GetId(immdevice, &devid))) {
+                char *devname = NULL;
+                WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE fmt;
+                GUID dsoundguid;
+                SDL_zero(fmt);
+                SDL_zero(dsoundguid);
+                GetMMDeviceInfo(immdevice, &devname, &fmt, &dsoundguid);
+                if (devname) {
+                    SDL_AudioDevice *sdldevice = SDL_IMMDevice_Add(iscapture, devname, &fmt, devid, &dsoundguid);
+                    if (default_device && default_devid && SDL_wcscmp(default_devid, devid)) {
+                        *default_device = sdldevice;
+                    }
+                    SDL_free(devname);
+                }
+                CoTaskMemFree(devid);
+            }
+            IMMDevice_Release(immdevice);
         }
-        SDL_free(item->devname);
-        CoTaskMemFree(item->devid);
     }
 
-    SDL_free(items);
+    SDL_free(default_devid);
+
     IMMDeviceCollection_Release(collection);
 }
 
-void SDL_IMMDevice_EnumerateEndpoints(SDL_bool useguid)
+void SDL_IMMDevice_EnumerateEndpoints(SDL_AudioDevice **default_output, SDL_AudioDevice **default_capture)
 {
-    notification_client.useguid = useguid;
-
-    EnumerateEndpointsForFlow(SDL_FALSE); /* playback */
-    EnumerateEndpointsForFlow(SDL_TRUE);  /* capture */
+    EnumerateEndpointsForFlow(SDL_FALSE, default_output); /* playback */
+    EnumerateEndpointsForFlow(SDL_TRUE, default_capture);  /* capture */
 
     /* if this fails, we just won't get hotplug events. Carry on anyhow. */
     IMMDeviceEnumerator_RegisterEndpointNotificationCallback(enumerator, (IMMNotificationClient *)&notification_client);
 }
 
-int SDL_IMMDevice_GetDefaultAudioInfo(char **name, SDL_AudioSpec *spec, int iscapture)
-{
-    WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE fmt;
-    IMMDevice *device = NULL;
-    char *filler;
-    GUID morefiller;
-    const EDataFlow dataflow = iscapture ? eCapture : eRender;
-    HRESULT ret = IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(enumerator, dataflow, SDL_IMMDevice_role, &device);
-
-    if (FAILED(ret)) {
-        SDL_assert(device == NULL);
-        return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT("WASAPI can't find default audio endpoint", ret);
-    }
-
-    if (name == NULL) {
-        name = &filler;
-    }
-
-    SDL_zero(fmt);
-    GetMMDeviceInfo(device, name, &fmt, &morefiller);
-    IMMDevice_Release(device);
-
-    if (name == &filler) {
-        SDL_free(filler);
-    }
-
-    SDL_zerop(spec);
-    spec->channels = (Uint8)fmt.Format.nChannels;
-    spec->freq = fmt.Format.nSamplesPerSec;
-    spec->format = WaveFormatToSDLFormat((WAVEFORMATEX *)&fmt);
-    return 0;
-}
-
 SDL_AudioFormat WaveFormatToSDLFormat(WAVEFORMATEX *waveformat)
 {
     if ((waveformat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 32)) {
diff --git a/src/core/windows/SDL_immdevice.h b/src/core/windows/SDL_immdevice.h
index c97402fda1..a5a0a557bb 100644
--- a/src/core/windows/SDL_immdevice.h
+++ b/src/core/windows/SDL_immdevice.h
@@ -26,16 +26,15 @@
 #include <mmdeviceapi.h>
 #include <mmreg.h>
 
+typedef struct SDL_AudioDevice SDL_AudioDevice; // this is defined in src/audio/SDL_sysaudio.h
+
 int SDL_IMMDevice_Init(void);
 void SDL_IMMDevice_Quit(void);
-int SDL_IMMDevice_Get(LPCWSTR devid, IMMDevice **device, SDL_bool iscapture);
-void SDL_IMMDevice_EnumerateEndpoints(SDL_bool useguid);
-int SDL_IMMDevice_GetDefaultAudioInfo(char **name, SDL_AudioSpec *spec, int iscapture);
-
+int SDL_IMMDevice_Get(SDL_AudioDevice *device, IMMDevice **immdevice, SDL_bool iscapture);
+void SDL_IMMDevice_EnumerateEndpoints(SDL_AudioDevice **default_output, SDL_AudioDevice **default_capture);
+LPGUID SDL_IMMDevice_GetDirectSoundGUID(SDL_AudioDevice *device);
+LPCWSTR SDL_IMMDevice_GetDevID(SDL_AudioDevice *device);
+void SDL_IMMDevice_FreeDeviceHandle(SDL_AudioDevice *device);
 SDL_AudioFormat WaveFormatToSDLFormat(WAVEFORMATEX *waveformat);
 
-/* these increment as default devices change. Opened default devices pick up changes in their threads. */
-extern SDL_AtomicInt SDL_IMMDevice_DefaultPlaybackGeneration;
-extern SDL_AtomicInt SDL_IMMDevice_DefaultCaptureGeneration;
-
 #endif /* SDL_IMMDEVICE_H */